Grammaire
anglaise
LES
VERBES
MODAUX, Seconde partie
En anglais il existe deux sortes de verbes modaux d'obligation ; ceux qui expriment essentiellement une obligation ferme ou une nécessité - must et have to - et ceux qui expriment une recommandation ou obligation morale - should et ought to . On peut aussi considérer comme verbe modal need (to), qui exprime différentes valeurs d'obligation selon le contexte.
Obligation ferme, etc. - must et have to
Le verbe must n'existe qu'aux formes du présent simple et du present perfect.Tandis que la forme du présent peut exprimer une obligation, une nécessité, une certitude ou une probabilité forte, la forme du present perfect ne sert qu'à exprimer un avis ou une supposition forte.
| Toutes personnes | présent | présent perfect |
|---|---|---|
| affirmatif | must |
must have |
| négatif | must not, mustn't | must not have, mustn't have |
Si d'autres temps sont requis, le locuteur doit avoir recours au verbe modal synonyme de must "have to" . Cet auxiliaire modal, suivi de l'infinitif avec to, a tous les temps requis, y compris les formes progressives. Ces dernières sont rares, mais ont le mérite d'exister .
| Temps principaux | présent | présent perfect | Passé | Futur |
| affirmatif: | has
to, have to |
has
had to have had to |
had
to |
will have to |
| négatif; |
does
not have to, do not have to , doesn't have to don't have to |
has
not had to have not had to |
did
not have to didn't have to * |
will
not have to won't have to |
| Progressive ou continuous | am having to is having to, are having to |
has been having
to have been having to |
was having to were having to |
will be having to |
A l'oral, et uniquement au temps présent, have to est souvent consolidé par l'addition du mot got; c'est-à-dire qu'au lieu de dire I have to on dira souvent I've got to.
Pour d'autres usages de have, voir Le verbe have
Must et have to s'emploient pour exprimer:
a. Une obligation forte ou une nécessité
b. Une certitude ou une probabilité forte.
c. Must have exprime une supposition.
Exemples:
Attention
! a1) You must
leave immediately !
a2) I have to get up early on Wednesday. I've got an exam !
a3) You mustn't park their car there, it's blocking the entrance.
a4) I had to go to the dentist, because I had broken a tooth.
a5) I had to wait outside in the rain ! I lost my key !
a6) The boss is away today; he's had to go to London to see a client.
a7) On Sunday it's going to snow; we'll have to change our plans.
a8) I'm having to move because I've got a new job in Brighton.
a9) That's great! But you didn't have to pack all the books into boxes !
b1) You must be over a hundred, if you were born in 1915.
b2) If my sister's not in Liverpool, she has to be in Brighton.
b3) I've got no mistakes, so I must be one of the winners !
b4) If I 'm not mistaken, it has to be somewhere in this room.
c1) I can't see my book, I must have left it at school.
c2) If they're still at the beach, they mustn't have heard the news.
a2) I have to get up early on Wednesday. I've got an exam !
a3) You mustn't park their car there, it's blocking the entrance.
a4) I had to go to the dentist, because I had broken a tooth.
a5) I had to wait outside in the rain ! I lost my key !
a6) The boss is away today; he's had to go to London to see a client.
a7) On Sunday it's going to snow; we'll have to change our plans.
a8) I'm having to move because I've got a new job in Brighton.
a9) That's great! But you didn't have to pack all the books into boxes !
b1) You must be over a hundred, if you were born in 1915.
b2) If my sister's not in Liverpool, she has to be in Brighton.
b3) I've got no mistakes, so I must be one of the winners !
b4) If I 'm not mistaken, it has to be somewhere in this room.
c1) I can't see my book, I must have left it at school.
c2) If they're still at the beach, they mustn't have heard the news.
Comprenez la différence entre "had to" et "must have"
They had to go to Liverpool
= Ils ont été obligés d'aller à Liverpool.
They must have gone to Liverpool.
= A mon avis, ils ont dû aller à Liverpool.
= Ils ont été obligés d'aller à Liverpool.
They must have gone to Liverpool.
= A mon avis, ils ont dû aller à Liverpool.
Recommendation ou obligation morale - should et ought to
Le verbe should n'existe qu'aux formes du présent et du present perfect .Formes de should
| Toutes personnes | présent | présent perfect |
| affirmatif | should |
should have |
| négatif | should not, shouldn't | should not have, shouldn't have |
Le verbe ought to n'existe qu'aux formes du présent et du present perfect .
Formes de ought to
| Toutes personnes | présent | présent perfect |
| affirmatif | ought
to |
ought to have |
| négatif | ought not to, oughtn't to | ought not to have, oughtn't to have |
Should et ought to sont synonymes.
Exemples:
1) You
should stop drinking so much whisky !
2) It's after ten o'clock, the children ought to be in bed by now.
3) I didn't know you were from Bristol ! You ought to have told me !
4) If you'd wanted to get a good job, you should have worked harder at school.
5) That jacket's dirty, you should get it cleaned.
6) That jacket's dirty, you ought to get it cleaned.
7) That's terrible ! He really oughtn't to have told them about it.
2) It's after ten o'clock, the children ought to be in bed by now.
3) I didn't know you were from Bristol ! You ought to have told me !
4) If you'd wanted to get a good job, you should have worked harder at school.
5) That jacket's dirty, you should get it cleaned.
6) That jacket's dirty, you ought to get it cleaned.
7) That's terrible ! He really oughtn't to have told them about it.
Need (to)
Le verbe need peut être utilisé comme verbe modal. Utilisé comme verbe modal (suivi d'un autre verbe) il exprime différentes degrés d'obligation selon le contexte .Au négatif il exprime une absence d'obligation. La version contractee needn't n'est jamais suivi de to.
Formes de need
| Toutes personnes | présent | past | présent perfect |
| affirmatif | need |
needed | need to have (rare) |
| négatif | don't need ou needn't | didn't need | need not have, needn't have |
Exemples:
1) You need to
see a doctor !
2) I needed to get up at 6, so I could revise before the exam.
3) I don't need to take any medicine since I'm not ill.
4) I didn't need to take any medicine since I wasn't ill.
5) Oh that's so kind of you, but you needn't have been so generous.
6) The president need not have resigned, as he had done nothing wrong.
2) I needed to get up at 6, so I could revise before the exam.
3) I don't need to take any medicine since I'm not ill.
4) I didn't need to take any medicine since I wasn't ill.
5) Oh that's so kind of you, but you needn't have been so generous.
6) The president need not have resigned, as he had done nothing wrong.
► Autres
verbes modaux:
Modaux
de
possibilité; can, may etc.
► Autres verbes modaux:
Modaux
de futurité - will, shall etc.
► Autres verbes modaux:
Modaux d'habitude passée - would,
used to.
.
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