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Angleterre.org.uk -
le guide : tourisme vie culture
institutions
Grammaire
anglaise
1.
Le verbe to be
comme
verbe principal
Le
verbe to
be
est le verbe fondamental utilisé pour indiquer l'existence
d'une entité
(personne, objet, abstraction) ou pour présenter les
qualités ou les caractéristiques d'une
entité. En linguistique, on dit parfoit qu'il
s'agit d'une copule.
A la différence des verbes
transitifs, to
be n'est
pas suivi d'un c.o.d., mais d'un complément, puisque sujet
et
complément du verbe to be se réfèrent
à la
même entité. Le complément de
to
be peut être un groupe nominal, un adjectif ou
une expression prépositionnelle.
Les
temps principaux de to be
Personne |
Présent |
prétérit |
Present
perfect |
Past
perfect |
Futur |
1e
sing. |
I |
am
|
was |
have
been
|
had
been
|
will
be / (shall be) |
2e
sing |
you |
are
|
were |
have
been
|
will be |
3e
sing |
he,
she, etc. |
is
|
was |
has
been
|
1e
pluriel. |
we |
are
|
were
|
have
been
|
will
be / (shall be) |
2e
pluriel |
you |
are
|
were
|
have
been
|
will be (shall be) |
3e
pluriel |
they |
are
|
were
|
have
been
|
D'autres temps existent, notamment les temps composés avec
des verbes modaux.
Exemples d'emplois du verbe to
be comme verbe principal :
Exemples
That man is my father.
That man is
the winner of last year's Pulitzer Prize.
That man is not very clever
That man is in the middle of the road.
I have been
to London before
We were
much happier in the summer.
The three women were
all sisters.
The child had been
in the room all morning, before anyone found him.
You should have been in London last week.
2. Le
verbe to be
comme
auxiliaire
2.1. Les formes progressives avec be
Le verbe
to
be est utilisé comme auxiliaire pour
indiquer l'aspect progressif ou
continu d'une action; ainsi il sert à former le
temps "
présent
progressif" et "
passé
progressif" et d'autres temps
progressifs (aussi dénommés
présent
continu et
passé continu,
etc.). Dans ces
cas,
be
est suivi du
participe
présent
d'un verbe (forme en
-ing.)
Modèle
"stand" |
Presént
progressif |
Futur
progressif |
Prétérit
progressif |
Present
perfect progressif |
Past
perfect progressif |
1e
sing |
I
am standing |
I
will be standing |
I
was standing |
I
have been standing |
I
had been standing |
2e
sing |
you
are standing |
You
will be standing |
You
were standing |
You
have been standing |
You
had been standing |
3e
sing |
he
/ she... is standing |
He
/ she ...
will be standing |
He/
she ... was standing |
He
/ she... have been standing |
he
/ she ... had
been standing |
1e
pluriel |
we
are standing |
We
will be standing |
We
were standing |
We
have been standing |
We
had been standing |
2e
pluriel |
you
are standing |
You
will be standing |
You
were standing |
You
have been standing |
You
had been standing |
3e
pluriel |
they
are standing |
They
will be standing |
They
were standing |
They
have been standing |
They
had been standing |
D'autres temps peuvent être formés, y compris les
temps avec auxiliaires modaux, par exemple:
I could
have been living in Miami
She must have been telling a lie.
2.2. To
be comme
auxiliaire du passif
Le verbe
to
be est également employé comme
auxiliaire pour former les temps du passif. Dans ces cas, le
verbe
be
est suivi du participe
passé
d'un verbe..
Modèle
"Take" |
Présent
simple passif |
Futur passif |
prétérit passif |
Present
perfect passif |
Past
perfect passif |
1e
sing |
I
am taken |
I
will be taken |
I
was taken |
I
have been taken |
I
had been taken |
3e
sing |
It...
is taken |
He
/ she ...
will be taken |
He
/ she ... was taken |
He
/ she ... has been taken |
He
/ she ... had been taken |
Etc. |
|
|
|
|
|
D'autres
temps peuvent être formés, y compris les temps
avec auxiliaires modaux, par exemple:
You should
have been sent home.
They
must have been told the truth.
2.3. Les temps du passif progressif
Employé comme auxiliaire dans la formation des temps
passifs, et pour donner un aspect progressif au temps, le verbe
to
be figure ainsi
deux
fois quand il s'agit d'employer un verbe avec aspect
progressif, dans une forme passive.
Si une gamme complète de
temps est théoriquement possible, dans la
réalité l'anglais ne connaît couramment
que deux temps au passif progressif, le présent et le
passé ou prétérit.
Modèle
"Take" |
Présent
progressif passif |
Passé
progressif passif |
1e
sing |
I
am being taken |
I
was being taken |
3e
sing |
It...
is being taken |
He
/ she ... was being taken |
Etc. |
|
|
Be
remplacé par get
:
En anglais courant, le l'auxiliaire
be
peut souvent être remplacé par
get
dans
l'expression du temps passif (dans les temps simples ou progressifs).
Exemples
I was
being /
was getting presented to my new boss, when I
suddenly felt
ill.
The computer system is down, as the software
is being/ is getting
updated.
The house is being / is
getting repainted.
The employees were
being / were getting
given a new uniform.
The boss was given /
got given a
fine present when he retired.
2.4. Evitez les confusions
N'oubliez pas que quand l'auxiliaire
to
be est suivi d'un
participe
présent, le verbe est à l'
actif; lorsqu'il est
suivi d'un
participe
passé, le verbe est au
passif..
Exemples
The fish were eating
their dinner
The fish were
eaten for dinner
They were selling cheap
watches, when the police arrested them
They were sold cheap
watches by a man who said
they were valuable.
The children have been asking
to go to bed.
The children have been
asked to go to bed.
3. Le verbe to be comme
verbe modal
Le verbe to be est parfois utilisé comme
auxiliaire
modal;
mais
c'est un modal étrange, dans la mesure où il peut
revêtir plusieurs sens différents - un sens de
futurité,
un sens d
'obligation,
ou un sens un peu entre les deux, un sens de
supposition.
A la première et à la
troisième personne, ce modal implique le plus souvent la
futurité;
mais à la seconde personne, le sens le plus courant est l'
obligation.
Mais cette distribution n'est pas toujours
respectée.
Personne |
Présent |
prétérit |
1e
sing. |
I |
I am
to get
|
was
to get |
2e
sing |
you |
You
are
to get
|
were
to get |
3e
sing |
he,
she, etc. |
...
is
to get
|
was
to get |
1e
pluriel. |
we |
...
are
to get
|
were
to get
|
2e
pluriel |
you |
...
are
to get
|
were
to get
|
3e
pluriel |
they |
...
are
to get
|
were
to get
|
,Autrement dit, alors que "
I'm
to get a new job next week"
aurait
habituellement le sens
de "
I'm
going to get a
new job next week" (futurité), et
"You're to go to
Bristol next week" veut dire habituellement "
You should go to
Bristol next week"
(obligation), ce ne sera pas toujours le cas. Dans de
nombreux
cas, même si l'ambiguïté est possible, le
sens du
modal
be
sera évident en fonction du contexte.
Exemples
- The plane was to land
at 10.
(Sens:
The plane was supposed
to land at 10.)
- I'm to work in
Paris next week
(I'm going to
/ have to
work in Paris.....)
- I'm to build
five of these houses ( I must
/ am supposed to
build five..... )
- He's to stand
as candidate in the
election (
He is going to
stand.....)
- The women were to stay
at home that
afternoon (The women were
meant to / were going to / were supposed to .....)
- After entering the forest, they were
to
get lost. (After entering the forest,
they were going to
get lost).
- After Paris, they were to
go to Lyon
(After Paris, they were
supposed to go to Lyon).
- You're to make
more effort next time.
(You must make
more effort ....)
- When you get to the hospital, you're
to
see the doctor at once. (When you get to the hospital, you
must
see the doctor
at once).
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